However, these other categories of emoticon are being used more and more frequently across various cultures and contexts. There are also a variety of other emoticon types, which Dresner and Herring ( 2010) claim are specific to certain cultural contexts, such as kaomoji (right way up emoticons ) being specific to Japan.
The commonly-used sideways emoticons (e.g., ) originated in Western culture ( Dresner & Herring, 2010). By using existing characters, emoticons can be easily produced on any keyboard or device, and can easily be altered or new ones created to suit a given context. They most frequently take the form of expressive faces, such as, ,, or, but can also include other symbols, like (heart). Emoticons are symbols produced by creatively repurposing and combining existing characters to represent something new: signifying something absent in written language, or something more effectively “said” through symbol.
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